Childhood Vaccinations And Its Effect On Children

As humans we have a tendency to make decisions before completely rationalizing them thoroughly. Through science we now know that our frontal lobe, which is responsible for motor function, problem solving, memory, judgment, impulse control and much more does not fully mature until our late twenties. The average age to start having children is in our early twenties, (25 years of age or younger) not to mention the teen parents. Throughout childbirth, one question that needs proper judgment and consideration to make is, whether to have their children vaccinated. One barrier that can affect parent when making solid decisions about childhood vaccinations is the scientific terminology doctor and other people use. For example, when comparing the word vaccination to immunization sometimes people will use the terms interchangeably not realizing that they have two distant meanings. Vaccination is just that, a vaccine that that is administered to develop immunity, or immunization, to a specific disease. Childhood vaccinations are a crucial part to the development of children and their health, despite the barriers that are present. By introducing research to the community regarding possible risk factor, myths that are commonly associated with childhood vaccinations, and possible laws, the goal is to help people understand why all children should be vaccinated. Imagining a world where disease plagues our very existence can often be difficult, because we are not able to fully relate toShow MoreRelatedChildhood Vaccinations And Its Effects On Children1218 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Vaccinations People in the United States are urged from day one that vaccinations are important for the well being of their children and for everyone that your child may come in contact with. Recently, childhood vaccinations have been stigmatized as a negative process. Parents have become increasingly concerned about the effects and side effects of vaccinations. The problem being, that the infectious diseases that are being prevented for, are being forgotten about. Vaccinations have beenRead MoreEssay Vaccinations: Vaccines Should Be Mandatory For All People 1001 Words   |  5 PagesVaccinations are designed to help people go through their everyday life. A country doctor, Edward Jenner, who lived in Berkeley, England, first administered vaccines in 1796 (Health Affairs). Throughout history, vaccinations have become better to where they are safer for the human body. Everyone should get vaccinated against certain disease to stay healthy. Vaccines have been proven to make people immune to serious diseases (Childhood Immunization). By being vaccinated the person is not only helpingRead MoreMandatory Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1228 Words   |  5 PagesMandatory vaccinations should be required for all citizens in the U.S. Having mandatory vaccinations will allow for well protected future generations that are susceptible to less health issues. With everyone being vaccinated there will be less occurrences of these diseases and sicknesses allowing future generations a more healthy life with fewer visits to the doctor’s office and hospital. Another reason to have mandatory vaccinations is that these vaccines are safe and approved by trusted medicalRead MoreSchool Vaccination Laws Should Not Be A Safe Environment For Children912 Words   |  4 PagesVaccination programs are among the most cost effective and widely used public health interventions and have helped to control the spread of epidemic diseases, including smallpox, measles, mumps, rubella, di phtheria, and polio.1 Each state has school vaccination laws which require children of appropriate age to be vaccinated for several communicable diseases. 2. Subject to exceptions, including individual medical,3 religious,4 and philosophical 5 objections, modern state school vaccination laws mandateRead MoreNo Needles: Why Vaccination Proponents Persuasive Methods are Counterintuitive1575 Words   |  7 Pagesbright-eyed children of their lives. Thankfully, though, with the development of vaccines, populations have grown larger and healthier over the past century. Sadly, despite the improved longevity of our species, many people are still undecided about—or vehemently against—childhood vaccination. They claim that vaccinations are dangerous and responsible for autism and other conditions. Medical experts, however, refute these claims by citing both the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. In fact,Read MoreThe Main Stakeholders Of Childhood Vaccination1543 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesstudy related to Childhood Vaccination, we will discuss about the major and key stakeholders. These major stakeholders, those influencing and shaping the debate are; Government and Legislators (Policy Makers), Parents, NGO’s and Lobby Groups. We can also find some least influential stakeholders which do not have as such influence on this issue but they are the one who are most â€Å"affected by† group in term of the issue is concerned. These are New-Parents/Future Parents and Children. In this part, weRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandated For Everyone1053 Words   |  5 PagesFor many years, there has been a controversy about whether or not vaccinations should be mandated for everyone. In the United States, many diseases such as polio, diphtheria, measles, and whooping cough used to be extremely common, until vaccinations came around and started preventing these diseases. The main point for vaccines is to prepare a person’s immune system for a ny possible attack of a disease that comes in the future; a person’s body will be prepared to fight off the disease with the vaccineRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccination1241 Words   |  5 Pagesbest for children, whether it be their own or not. Most people also want the best for society. But the question is, why would some of these same people deliberately cause the suffering of children and jeopardize society just because they do not believe in vaccination? Vaccinations help save lives by building immunity to deadly diseases, but people are willing to risk lives just because their political beliefs or religious beliefs or skepticism keeps them from vaccinating their children. To makeRead MoreChildhood Vaccinations Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe controversy surrounding the morality, effectiveness, and safety of childhood immunizations. The major argument is whether or not laws should be established to declare vaccination mandatory for all children. â€Å"The US food and Drug administration (FDA) regulates all vaccines to ensure safety and effectiveness,† (ProCon.org, 2012) therefor there should not be any reason to risk the health of any child. Vaccinating our children not only ensures their safety but also that of their future to come. Read MoreThe Controversy Of Childhood Vaccination1173 Words   |  5 Pages Vaccinations are something that is none around the world. It is supported in many countries but in others it is not. In the United States there is a constant controversy as to whether to vaccinate or not. Most parents in our society opt for the vaccination process to protect their children in any way they can. Although, many parents do not see it that way. The controversy of childhood vaccination spans back more than just a few years it goes back as far as the 18th century (Nelson) but the fact

Inventions In The Gilded Age - 1140 Words

Introduction Immigration and African American Rights, I think these are the main events that happen during the Gilded Age. The Gilded Age was an eventful time, had lots of things going on from left and right of us. Mark Twain called the 19th century the Gilded Age, by this he meant that the period was glittering on the surface, but corrupt underneath. There were only two different classes, either you were rich or poor. There was no in between because either you ran a successful business and had family connections or people had jobs that paid very poorly. Industrialization/Inventions There was a lot of industries and new inventions during the Gilded Age. The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison, which allows people to use electric light†¦show more content†¦Angel Island immigration station was on the San Francisco Bay. Another immigration station was Ellis Island and they had immigrants from the East and were mostly Europeans. Ellis Island was a small island in New York Harber. The Hull House is located in Chicago, which was founded by Jane Addams to help poor immigrants get steady there and find a job, a place to live, and then leave. The Chinese Exclusion Act worked on Railroads and mines (cheap labor source).The U.S. banned Chinese immigrants for 10 years possibly, and would probably renew it in about 10 years. A advantage is how immigrants could come to the U.S., but the disadvantage to this was how much time and effort it took to come to the U.S. African-Americans Rights w/ discrimination When the Plessy v. Ferguson constitutional law case that was with the Supreme Court. The case says â€Å"separate, but equal is okay† that’s still segregation and that is not ok! National Association for the Advancements of Colored People (NAACP) tried to expand colored peoples rights, which is founded by Jane Addams and Well B du Bruis. Ida B Wells campaigned anti-lynching through articles targeted by the KKK (White League). Black Codes were laws that had intent and the effect of restricting African Americans freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. After the black codes law, then came the literary tests, Jim Crow laws, and poll taxes. AnShow MoreRelatedGilded Age Dbq Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gilded Age was the time of rapid economic growth for the United States. The period where little corporations turned into a millionaire company. The time of one of the most dynamic, contentious, and volatile periods in Ameri can history happened. National wealth increased dramatically but their was a problem for the poor and the farmers of the U.S. People may say that the Gilded Age was the era of corruption, harsh labor and brutal industrial competition, but others think that the Gilded Age isRead MoreThe Gilded Age : The Gilded Age1340 Words   |  6 PagesMark Twain, an American writer, named the late 19th century, the ‘Gilded Age.’ This time frame is ‘gilded’ because the time was glittering with gold on the surface, but corrupt and rotten underneath. This was a time period full of greed and guile, filled with robber barons, speculators, and Buccaneers. Not only that, but there were many sneaky business schemes to get more income, improper politics, and many impolite displays. Although, it’s better to think of this time as modern America’s formativeRead MoreA Time Of Rapid Industrialization1713 Words   |  7 Pagesrapid industrialization in the United States . The great American author, Mark Twain, dubbed this period the â€Å"Gilded† Age. Gilded items are covered thinly with gold leaf or gold paint, which hides all that is inside. This idea is evident in this time period because America’s golden paint, or industrialization, was hiding all the economic and social problems on the inside. Although the Gilded Age brought along great advances in industrialization, it brought many new problems that were never experiencedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Gilded Age And Progressive Era1108 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era Throughout the history of time, people named certain time periods based on the events that occurred. People considered the time from the 1890s to 1916 as a shift of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era when many things changed dramatically. The â€Å"Gilded Age† was the time of innovation, invention, and rapid growth, but the presence of monopolies sprouted everywhere in American’s economy and led to social inequalities. Then the Progressive Era respondedRead MoreEntertainment in the Gilded Age1450 Words   |  6 Pagesentrepreneurs and business people of the time, because there was money to be made in this desire for amusement. Of course, this was not the whole story of the new Gilded Age, but it was definitely an era of growing leisure time and the business that came along with it. One of the most popular forms of entertainment during the Gilded Age was theater, particularly Vaudeville, which was a type of variety theater prominent in late 19th century America. Of course, similar types of variety shows had existedRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of America1621 Words   |  7 Pageshelp build and maintain a better America. The Gilded Age, during the late 1800’s, was a time in America where we experienced explosive economic growth, serious social problems, new innovative technology, and the rise of corporations and corruption in politics. We have learned from some of these things that we went through in the Gilded Age and fixed them, but we are still facing some of the problems we faced back then, today. During the Gilded Age, America experienced many economic and technologicalRead MoreEssay about Change and Continuity in the Guilded Age1194 Words   |  5 Pages Change and Continuity in the Gilded Age Emergence of Modern America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; â€Å"Every day things change, but basically they stay the same.†-Dave Matthews Change and continuity are two major principles of life. They can easily be applied to history because their application accurately portrays the circumstances, and characterizes the era of interest. Merriam-Webster defines continuity as an uninterrupted connection, succession, or union, or an uninterruptedRead MoreThe Sholes And Glidden Typewriter And The Second Industrial Revolution1294 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gilded Age, or commonly known as the Second Industrial Revolution, lived up to its extravagant name that Mark Twain had given to the era. Inventions such as the telephone escalated communication among people despite the distance, and the creation of the automobile helped everyone to move from one place to another in a much shorter time. Besides these well-known and influential inventions, the Sholes and Glidden typewriter also contributed to the economic, industrial, and societal growth of theRead MoreThe Gilded Age By Mark Twain And Charles Warner2268 Words   |  10 Pages The Gilded Age The Gilded Age was a great time in American history when industrialization was growing rapidly, and immigration to our country increased dramatically. Mark Twain and Charles Warner named this time of industrial prosperity the Gilded Age because the wealth of the fortunate masked the problems that the society faced. New inventions and corporations led to industrialization and immigration growing in our nation. Industrialization led to the creating of mass culture, which allowed peopleRead MoreEssay on Boss713 Words   |  3 PagesEntrepreneurs? Explain the effect that industry had on women and children? 7. Discuss the Gilded Age and explain how despite the growth of cities farmers were negatively impacted by the economy? Explain how the technological inventions and economic change of the Gilded Era influenced how cities and the suburbs developed? 8. Discuss some of the political corruption/ reforms and social problems that defined the Gilded Era? 9. What external factors resulted in America’s eventual participation in the

Different approaches to the Study of Psychology Free Essays

This paper discusses different approaches to the study of psychology and shows their relevance to the understanding of offending behaviour. A generally acceptable definition of psychology is that it is the science of the behaviour of living organisms with an emphasis upon human beings. With roots in the Greek psyche (life or self) and logos (logic), psychology is the scientific study of observable behaviour that we can observe directly or measure with instruments (Baucum, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Different approaches to the Study of Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, in general, psychology means the study of behaviour, and it follows that if we learn to understand the way people SHOULD behave by a methodical, logical study, by the same manner we should gain some insight and understanding into why some deviants behave the way that they do. Cognitive psychology is one of the major approaches within psychology and can be contrasted with the behavioral view (a focus on observable behavior), a psychoanalytic view (a focus on the unconscious), a humanistic view (a focus on personal growth and interpersonal relationships) and a social cognitive view (a focus on the social environment as it impacts personal qualities such as thinking and feeling. ) An important distinction between the behavioral and cognitive or humanistic views is the importance of feedback. For behaviorists, the most important feedback comes in the form of the application of consequences from the environment. The cognitive, as well humanistic, would focus on the importance of internal feedback. The social cognitive view considers both types. (Huitt, 2006) Of course the term offending behaviour does not relate just to criminal activities but to any type of behaviour which can be seen as deviant. There is no doubt that the use of psychology can be very useful and effective in criminology, one of the most obvious examples of offending behaviour. If this work is not done correctly, however, the effect can be frustrating and can slow down the entire procedure. It is therefore very important to do this kind of work systematically and effectively (Victoroff, 2005) According to David Lester in his book entitled â€Å"Theories of Personality† (1995), there are three major approaches to the explanation of human behaviour. He lists these as intrapsychic explanations, physiological theories and simple learning theories. He explains intrapsychic explanations in the following manner: They are explanations that use concepts based upon psychological processes and structures within the mind. These processes may focus on the contents of the mind such as particular desires, emotions or thoughts (Lester, 1995). Loosely, psychologists employing this method to understand, perhaps, why pedophiles act in the way that they do, or what would cause a man to want to rape. It may also lead to the understanding of self image, and what would cause, for example, a person with a low self image (in his mind the fault of his mother) to want to take revenge upon all women. It typically defines and utilizes more complicated mechanisms such as defense mechanisms, complexes and system principles (Lester, 1995) The second method listed by Lester also focuses on the individual but as opposed to using mental processes to explain human behaviour, it relies upon the physiology of the brain. This is the Physiological theories approach – William Sheldon and Hans Eysneck have proposed classic physiological theories of personality – and recent advances in biological psychiatry look as if they may form the basis for modern, improved physiological theories of personality (Lester, 1995). One can see that this type of approach may be very useful in the study of a variety of neurological disorders, including perhaps schizophrenia – it may allow heightened understanding of why the patient has split personalities – or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or even disorders which fall into the depression category such as Bipolar Disorder. The third approach given by Lister focuses upon the environment (or the situation) of the individual as the source of explanations for human behavior. Social Learning Theory takes into account the fact that humans are more complex than lower animals, and introduces a limited number of intrapsychic processes (mainly cognitive elements) in order to provide a more complete understanding of the behaviour of human beings. (Lister, 1995). There definitely seems to be truth in this. Take for example a woman who is ordinarily of a sunny disposition. Her friends may notice that for a few months she has been moody, lethargic, withdrawn, and generally not interested in anything. This is probably indicative of something being wrong, and further exploration may reveal to the friends that the reason for this offending behaviour is that she is under severe financial stress, for example. Lister also says that while all of the above pose a variety of answers to the understanding of human behaviour, the truest is probably a combination of all of the above (Lister, 1995). Take the example of a well known person who is known to have exhibited offending behaviour – Robert Thompson, who as a 10 yr old participated with Jon Venables in the killing of 3 yr old Jamie Bulger. All of the approaches described above can be used in the analysis of the following information. Born of an abusive father and an alcoholic mother, he had five older brothers who assaulted him. His father left the family after viciously assaulting his mother. Reminiscent of William Golding’s novel The Lord of the Flies, the older brothers bullied the younger into submission. Robert did try to be a good son and would help his mother in the kitchen and babysitting the younger ones, trying to provide support. Robert was not aggressive as much as sly. He skipped school, but when he did attend he was not considered a troublemaker. Teachers thought he was shy and quiet, yet manipulative of others, and didn’t expect much from him. Other kids avoided him. (Courtroom Television Network, 2005) Sometimes he talked tough, trying to act the role of a Thompson, but he was not considered violent or aggressive. He roamed the streets of Walton at 1 a. m. His mother Ann sometimes hid his shoes to keep him home. Unfortunately, Robert’s abuse at the hands of his older brothers began to repeat in his treatment of his younger brother. He intimidated his younger brother, but they shared a strange bond. At night, they would lie in bed together, sucking one another’s thumb. (During the course of Robert’s trial Ryan began exhibiting disturbing behavior. He wet his bed regularly, set fires in his room, and gained weight. He seemed jealous of the attention Robert received and his mother was fearful that he would do something equally horrible to get the same treatment.) Using the approaches listed above we can begin to understand the mind of Robert Bulger, and use this information to prevent further like crimes from occurring. This paper has discussed different approaches to the study of psychology and shown their relevance to the understanding of offending behaviour. We can see that using a combination of the different approaches to psychology is probably the best way to get at the truth. How to cite Different approaches to the Study of Psychology, Papers

Strategic Managementof British Airways †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Managementof British Airways. Answer: Objective and mission statement The main objectives of British airways is to determine the fact regarding how strongly they emerge from the downturn and to create a profitable and sustainable future for the business which in turn, will benefit the stakeholders, colleagues and customers. The mission of British Airways is that one destination shall assure their customer to fly with confidence and they are responsibly working together to take care if world they are living in. their mission statement creates the mindset that the passengers will always safe on the ground or on the air and they want to make their customers feel that they are confident and safe while they are flying with British airways. Strengths and weaknesses Strengths: More than 90 years of experience in airline industry Backed up by the government of UK They has their own branch for engineering that maintains the aircraft fleet Developed the online system of ordering that makes the company tech-savvy Weaknesses: Highly dependent on the UK market and are associated with the risk of globalized economy Could not penetrated in globalized market efficiently Employee unions are strong that will increase the cost of managing the employees. Core competence They focus on providing the unique experience for the customers. Every month it conducts the market research with the customers to find out their choice and preferences. Current strategy of British airways is to upgrade the experience of customers by introducing mobile and text services for the customers of business class. Further, to capture the market position they always come up with new strategies and approaches.

A Pool of Opportunities or the Scourge of the XXI Century

There is no secret that social networking has become an integral part of the present-day reality. Personal conversations are no longer as popular as they used to be in the recent past, and live communication has been substituted by its virtual equivalent. It goes without saying that there are a number of advantages in communicating online; however, the latter also possesses a lot of negative features, not to mention the fact that it ousts live communication out and, therefore, can trigger further complexities in teenagers’ interaction in reality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Pool of Opportunities or the Scourge of the XXI Century? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To be fair, one must introduce the key advantages of social networking first. As a matter of fact, there are a number of issues that make social networking worthwhile, and the key one is the pool of opportunities for learning, experi encing and getting new skills. As Godwin stresses, such applications as Innovative Language Learning (Godwin 5) are no longer something out of the ordinary. Hence, learning opportunities for teenagers is a massive advantage of social networks. However, when speaking about the negative impacts of the social networking and the way it shapes teenagers, one must take into account the reasons which stand behind a teenager’s decision to create a profile in a social network. According to the recent researches conducted by Danah Boyd, what attracts teenagers in online networking is the fact that they can get closer to their idols, i.e., movie/music stars, DJs, etc. Herein lies the difference between the behavior of an adult and a teenager in a social network system: â€Å"While many adults find value in socializing with strangers, teenagers are more focused on socializing with people they knew personally and celebrities that they adore† (Boyd 121-122). Hence, for teenagers, so cial networking functions as a worldwide fan club, which also affects the communication negatively, focusing it on a single aspect. In addition, though social networking does score a couple of points for the above-mentioned feature, it is still necessary to admit that the given means of communication has failed to improve some of the issues which appear regularly in the course of live communication among teenagers. For instance, the problem of social outcasts, weirdly enough, exists even in online social networks, such as MySpace and others. According to the research conducted by Costa, Beham, Reinhardt, and Sillaots, in which students were to engage into microblogging, â€Å"Some respondents also alluded to the fact they decided to adopt a more passive approach, as they preferred to take part in the microblogging activity as observers and not engage fully with it (Costa, Beham, Reinhardt, and Sillaots 7). Hence, social networks in general and microblogging in particular do not sol ve communicational problems – instead, they take it to another level. For those, who find communication difficult in reality, online networking is not a chance to engage in a conversation incognito, but to watch the others communicating. Hence, the feeling of loneliness is enhanced and the decision to stay away from socializing is undertaken with even greater conviction.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, social networking has a lot to offer, and one of the most alluring offers is its incredible accessibility. What used to take days and even weeks, e.g., sending a friend a letter, now takes less than a millisecond. In addition, the information can be squeezed to the size of a nutshell, which is also a huge advantage. As Catanese, De Meo, Ferrara, Fiumara and Provetti explain, â€Å"The growing accessibility of the Web, through several media, giv es to most users a 24/7 online presence and encourages them to build an online mesh of relationships† (Catanese, De Meo, Ferrara, Fiumara and Provetti 1). Still, it seems that computer networking and its effect on teenagers is yet to be researched. Among the most important concerns that arise in the course of analyzing people’s behavior online and comparing it to the one in real life, the tendency to develop a virtual self should be mentioned. As Best, Krueger, Hubbard and Smith specify, the decisions of the Internet users are quite different from the ones of the people without the access to the Internet. Creating multiple online personalities, one can finally end up in a stressful state or even in a depression. While the emphasis on the importance of online communication is important, such facts as losing one’s own identity in the multiple online clones must not be swept under the rug either. According to the arguments mentioned above, it can be concluded that b oth live communication and social network have their positive and negative aspects, especially when considering them not only from a psychological standpoint, but also in terms of studying and international communication. Therefore, it must be admitted that none of the alternatives should be eliminated completely for the sake of the development of another one. Although the newest technology can offer efficient communication between the teenagers who can be in completely different parts of the world at the moment of the conversation, it still hinders personal communication much. However, it opens great perspectives for the entire world and its further development. Hence, supporting the evolution of the social networking as an efficient communication medium, it is also required to encourage live conversations and make it clear that social networking is merely one of the many options existing.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Pool of Opportunities or th e Scourge of the XXI Century? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Best, Samuel J., Brian Krueger, Clark Hubbard, and Andrew Smith. â€Å"An Assessment of the Generalizability of Internet Surveys.† Social Science Computer Review. 19.2 (2001): 131-145. Boyd, Danah. â€Å"Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites:  The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life.† Youth, Identity, and Digital Media. Ed. David Buckingham. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge MIT Press. 2008. 119-142. Print. Catanese, Salvatore, Pasquale De Meo, Emilio Ferrara, Giacomo Fiumara and Alessandro Provetti n. d., Extraction and Analysis of Facebook Friendship Relations. PDF file. 4 Dec. 2012. http://cogprints.org/7668/1/SN-76.pdf. Costa, Christina, Guenter Beham, Wolfgang Reinhardt, and Martin Sillaots 2008,  Microblogging in Technology Enhanced Learning: A Use-Case Inspection of PPE Summer School 2008. PDF file. 4 Dec. 2012. http://ceur-ws.org/ Vol-382/paper3.pdf. Godwin-Jones, Robert. â€Å"Emerging Technologies Mobile Computing Trends: Lighter, Faster, Smarter.† Language Learning Technology, 12.3 (2008): 2-9. PDF file. Web. This research paper on A Pool of Opportunities or the Scourge of the XXI Century? was written and submitted by user Yamileth W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Mark & John

One of the last recorded actions of Jesus is the commissioning of the apostles to preach his message. His closest disciples were instructed to bring his life and teachings to â€Å"...Jerusalem, throughout Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.†1 Indeed, the implications of this statement were great, for it did not provide the apostles with the opportunity to merely establish the new church in Jerusalem, rather they were charged also with evangelizing to all nations. However, the area in which Jesus conducted his ministry was small and the surrounding countries were cultural melting pots. This presented these new missionaries with the problem of how to effectively portray Jesus as the savior of the human race and disseminate the Good News to people who possessed widely different social, political, and religious convictions. Relating the message to these groups and capturing the whole essence of Jesus required describing him from different viewpoints. In order to maxi mize the success of these representations â€Å"...all that was irrelevant and failed to illustrate and exemplify its theme was excluded.†2 Thus, four gospels were written with obvious differences so as to provide four general portraits of Jesus to the different audiences to whom the evangelists wrote. The Gospel of Mark portrays Jesus as a servant for the people of God while the Gospel of John emphasizes his divinity and position as the Son of God, two opposite portraits that are influenced by the writers’ backgrounds, audiences, and historical contexts. The identity of the author of Mark’s gospel is not clearly known, but it is a critical point for understanding the gospel’s portrait. The traditionally held view is that the writer was â€Å"...an associate and interpreter of Peter...who accompanied Paul and Barnabas on part of their first missionary journey.†3 Textual evidence for this consists primarily of a verse that explicitly states that John Mark was w... Free Essays on Mark & John Free Essays on Mark & John One of the last recorded actions of Jesus is the commissioning of the apostles to preach his message. His closest disciples were instructed to bring his life and teachings to â€Å"...Jerusalem, throughout Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.†1 Indeed, the implications of this statement were great, for it did not provide the apostles with the opportunity to merely establish the new church in Jerusalem, rather they were charged also with evangelizing to all nations. However, the area in which Jesus conducted his ministry was small and the surrounding countries were cultural melting pots. This presented these new missionaries with the problem of how to effectively portray Jesus as the savior of the human race and disseminate the Good News to people who possessed widely different social, political, and religious convictions. Relating the message to these groups and capturing the whole essence of Jesus required describing him from different viewpoints. In order to maxi mize the success of these representations â€Å"...all that was irrelevant and failed to illustrate and exemplify its theme was excluded.†2 Thus, four gospels were written with obvious differences so as to provide four general portraits of Jesus to the different audiences to whom the evangelists wrote. The Gospel of Mark portrays Jesus as a servant for the people of God while the Gospel of John emphasizes his divinity and position as the Son of God, two opposite portraits that are influenced by the writers’ backgrounds, audiences, and historical contexts. The identity of the author of Mark’s gospel is not clearly known, but it is a critical point for understanding the gospel’s portrait. The traditionally held view is that the writer was â€Å"...an associate and interpreter of Peter...who accompanied Paul and Barnabas on part of their first missionary journey.†3 Textual evidence for this consists primarily of a verse that explicitly states that John Mark was w...

The Strategic Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Strategic Manager - Assignment Example This is the three aspects that can be described as ‘layers’ of the business environment, which surrounds the organization. Macro-environment is said to be the most influential aspect of the environment that surrounds any organization. It comprises of the factors that impact to a greater or lesser extent on almost all organizations. Changes in macro-environment can have a negative or positive influence on an individual organization. The most commonly used framework that is used to analyze the macro-environment of an organization is referred to as PESTEL, which identifies the future trends of an organization in terms of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal environment. Strategies will have to change depending on how a business organization adopts to certain changes in macro-environment. A strategic manager will have to alter a strategy if a factor in macro-environment such as technology changes in the future. The other ‘layer’ within the broad environment of business organization after macro-environment is the industry or a sector. An industry is a group of organization producing the same products or services. A strategic manager can use Porter’s five forces framework and cycle of competition concept to understand how the competitive dynamic around and within an industry are changing from time to time. Porter’s five forces framework was established to assess the attractiveness (profit potential) of different industries. A strategic manager can use this framework to identify the source competition in an industry or sector. These forces are very important to analyze the competitive environment that surrounds a business organization, it should be however be noted that the five forces are not independent since pressure in one direction can trigger off changes in a dynamic process of shifting source of competition. Competitors and market are the next immediate layer

What do non-humans present in graphic design Essay

What do non-humans present in graphic design - Essay Example AbsÐ µncÐ µ or lack of which could makÐ µ art losÐ µ novÐ µlty. Talking of novÐ µlty, how about looking at art in naturÐ µ? Richard Dawkins statÐ µs that thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn human art or dÐ µsign and thÐ µ amazingly â€Å"ingÐ µnious† forms that wÐ µ Ð µncountÐ µr in naturÐ µ, is duÐ µ tho thÐ µ fact that Human art originatÐ µs in thÐ µ mind , whilÐ µ thÐ µ natural dÐ µsigns rÐ µsult from natural sÐ µlÐ µction. Which is vÐ µry truÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr it is anothÐ µr mattÐ µr that natural sÐ µlÐ µction and cultural sÐ µlÐ µction, that will ultimatÐ µly dÐ µcidÐ µ on thÐ µ â€Å"popularity† of an art don’t function in thÐ µ samÐ µ way. Anyhow How can wÐ µ rÐ µmovÐ µ thÐ µ cultural bias or thÐ µ human bias that wÐ µ havÐ µ in our art forms? .AnswÐ µrs in Artificial LifÐ µ: Artificial lifÐ µ may bÐ µ dÐ µfinÐ µd as â€Å"A fiÐ µld of study dÐ µvotÐ µd to undÐ µrstanding lifÐ µ by attÐ µmpting to dÐ µrivÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µral thÐ µoriÐ µs undÐ µrlying biological phÐ µnomÐ µna, and rÐ µcrÐ µating thÐ µsÐ µ dynamics in othÐ µr physical mÐ µdia - such as computÐ µrs - making thÐ µm accÐ µssiblÐ µ to nÐ µw kinds of Ð µxpÐ µrimÐ µntal manipulation and tÐ µsting. This sciÐ µntific rÐ µsÐ µarch links biology and computÐ µr sciÐ µncÐ µ.†1 Most of thÐ µ A-LifÐ µ simulations today can not bÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd truly alivÐ µ, as thÐ µy still can not show somÐ µ propÐ µrtiÐ µs of truly alivÐ µ systÐ µms and also that thÐ µy havÐ µ considÐ µrablÐ µ human bias in dÐ µsign. HowÐ µvÐ µr thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ two viÐ µws that havÐ µ Ð µxistÐ µd on thÐ µ wholÐ µ idÐ µa of Artificial LifÐ µ and thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt it can go. WÐ µak A-LifÐ µ is thÐ µ idÐ µa that thÐ µ â€Å"living procÐ µss† can not bÐ µ achiÐ µvÐ µd bÐ µyond a chÐ µmical domain. WÐ µak A-lifÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs concÐ µntratÐ µ on simulating lifÐ µ procÐ µssÐ µs with an undÐ µrlying aim to undÐ µrstand thÐ µ biological procÐ µssÐ µs. Strong A-LifÐ µ is Ð µxactly thÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µrsÐ µ. John Von NÐ µumann oncÐ µ rÐ µmarkÐ µd â€Å"lifÐ µ is a procÐ µss which can bÐ µ abstractÐ µd away from any particular mÐ µdiumâ€Å". In rÐ µcÐ µnt timÐ µs

Reliability and Validity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reliability and Validity - Assignment Example For the diagnosis to be termed accurate, the features identified have to be same every time if the test is to be termed reliable. This is measured by a correlation between the two test outcomes over all the participants. This method expresses the generalisability of the test scores over different test occasions by assessing stability of the test outcomes (Hempel, 2005). Hempel (2005) explains that this method of testing reliability varies with the type of tests, i.e. ability or traits and attitudes or states assessment. In both cases, repetitive responses based on previous memory is a high possibility thereby giving incorrect measures of reliability. Secondly, the traits tend to change with time, and this would depict low reliability measure, which is again incorrect (Garb, 2002). In such cases, the time period between the tests needs to be recorded appropriately in order to obtain accurate reliability measure. In case of validity, the test should be able to measure what is intended to be measured with minimum or no possibilities of change in behaviors. Reliability of the test decides the amount of correction and incorrect decisions that are made as an outcome of the test. Therefore, reliability is necessary for confirming validity. At the same time, validity of results obtained from this method is higher when the time gap is minimal; however, this minimum time varies with situation or behavior being

How Does Diversity and Immigration Impact Innovation?

How Does Diversity and Immigration Impact Innovation? Anca Pop Nowadays, due to the increasingly competitive economic environment, and the constant danger of economic turn-downs, innovation has come into great prominence not only as an important source of competitive advantage, but also as a powerful driver of economic growth and prosperity. In this new context, attention has been drawn to the role that cultural diversity and immigration play in fostering innovation. Thus, the aim of this essay is to assess the impact of immigration on innovation. Furthermore, the question regarding whether or not a culturally diverse society represents an enabling environment for innovativeness shall be discussed. Nevertheless, a number of evidences and empirical data which support the linkage between cultural diversity, immigration and the innovation process shall be analysed. Statistical reports have shown that at the turn of the century â€Å"4.6% of world population was born in a different country from the one where it currently lived†. (Bratti and Conti, 2012:2). Given the size of this phenomenon, immigration has come into sharp focus on the global agenda, currently being at the centre of many economic and political debates and its economic consequences giving rise to a high level of research activity. Thus, it would be of highly importance to consider the contribution of increasingly cultural diversity in many societies to the innovation system especially when dealing with economic analysis and policy. However, in order to be able to analyse the effects of immigration and cultural diversity on innovation, firstly, the meaning of „innovation† as a concept along with its indicators should be tackled. Defining â€Å"innovation† could be rather a difficult task as it is a â€Å"multi-faceted phenomenon†, and a widely used concept in various ways and different contexts. (Venturini, 2005: 1) However, it could be generally agreed that †Innovation is different from pure invention. Innovation involves the successful implementation of a new product, service or process, which for most activities entails their commercial success.† (Gordon and McCann, 2005: 3). In addition to this, Ozgen, Nijkamp and Poot (2013: 3) state that innovation is achieved â€Å"by means of analytical knowledge† and argue that â€Å"The improvement of an existing product or the modification of an existing process or organizational arrangement can also be viewed as an innovation.† Regarding the measures of innovation, the most prominent ones are the number of patent applications and the Total Factor Productivity, used as proxies of technological growth and effective innovation s at both firm and country levels. Having now defined this process, leads the analysis further, to establishing how does immigration affect innovation. In recent years, research activities have demonstrated a rather positive correlation between migration and innovativeness, as â€Å"individuals coming from different countries usually have different, complementary skills with respect to natives, and the production of new ideas may be positively influenced by contacts and interchanges between culturally diverse individuals† (Bratti and Conti, 2012: 4). In addition to this, â€Å"migration brings youth to ageing countries, and allows ideas to circulate in millions of mobile minds. That is good both for those who arrive with suitcases and dreams and for those who should welcome them†. (The Economist, 2011) A rather more technical research on this matter is conducted by Ozgen, Nijkamp and Poot (2012) who study the impact of size, skills and diversity of immigration on the innovativeness of host regions using the number of patent applications per million inhabitants from 170 regions in Europe for the periods 1991-1995 and 2001-2005. According to this study, there are five mechanisms through which immigration may boost innovation: â€Å"the population size effect†; â€Å"the population density effect†; â€Å"the migrant share effect†; â€Å"the skill composition effect† and â€Å"the migrant diversity effect†. (Ozgen, Nijkamp and Poot, 2011:2). The first three mechanisms result from the fact that immigration increases the local aggregate demand. This boost in the aggregate demand could be met through an increase in the level and diversity of local production, which in the long run might need additional investment and thereby will encourage product and process innovation. Furthermore, local economy prosperity not only will generate firm growth but will also encourage additional start-up firms resulting into an innovation lift. Moreover, usually attracted to the large metropolitan areas with better job opportunities, migrants increase the urban population and thereby strengthen the forces of agglomeration which leads to greater innovation. (Ozgen, Nijkamp and Poot, 2011: 3). A more debated way through which the innovation system is enhanced by immigration refers to the skill composition effect on innovation. Given that the modern economy is in a constant quest for fresh ideas and better goods that would accelerate business growth, the global competition for highly-skilled migrants has gained magnitude. â€Å"Their role in innovation may seem obvious: the more clever people there are the more ideas are likely to flourish, especially if they can be commercialised.† (The Economist, 2009) Considerable empirical evidence for this is provided by Kerr who gathered data about the 8 million scientists who had acquired an American patent between 1975 and 2004. Hence, he found that the share of patents given to American-born scientists fell while the share of all patents awarded to immigrant scientists from China and India increased from 4.1% in the late 1970s to 13.9% between 2000 and 2004. (The Economist, 2009) Moreover, Kerr and William Lincoln (2008) ana lysed the way changes in the number of H-1B visa admissions reflected on patents in the years between 1995 and 2006. It is imperious to mention that H-1B visa is the United States work visa for skilled immigrants, which allows US companies to employ foreign workers in specialty occupations that require theoretical or technical expertise as well as the attainment of a bachelor’s degree or its equivalent as a minimum. Thus, they point out that â€Å"the estimates suggest that a 10% growth in the H-1B worker population is associated with a 2% increase in patenting† (Kerr and Lincoln, 2008: 20) Bosetti, Cattaneo and Verdolini (2013: 1) predict that skilled immigration has a significant positive contribution not only to the knowledge creation in host countries as â€Å"they add to the pool of skills in destination markets†, but also enhances natives ‘productivity as the interaction of diverse cultures and approaches in problem solving and brain storming situations might give birth to new, original ideas. In order to support these predictions, they have studied the effect of skilled migrants on the number of patents applied for through the Patent Cooperation Treaty and citations of scientific publications, as proxies of innovation in a panel of twenty European countries from 1995 to 2008. Thus, in accordance with their initial prediction, Bosetti, Cattaneo and Verdolini (2013:11) found out that â€Å"the variable measuring the stock of knowledge in a given country (stock of RD expenditure) exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on innovation. A 1 percent increase in the stock of RD expenditures is associated with a 0.6 percent and a 0.4 percent increase in patent application and citation, respectively†. In a similar vein, Hunt and Gauthier-Loiselle (2009) measure the likeness of skilled immigrants to enrich innovation and at what extent. They do so by evaluating the differences in patenting behaviour between immigrants and natives as well as the state-level determinants of patenting using a panel of data from 1940-2000 in the Unites States. The results show that a 1% increase in the college graduate immigrants implied 6.1% rise in patents per capita while 1% increase in the share of college natives raise patents per capita only by 3.5%. Furthermore, â€Å"1.3 percentage point increase in the share of the population composed of immigrant college graduates and the 0.7 percentage point increase in the share of post-college immigrants both increased patenting per capita by about 12% (..). The 0.45 percentage point increase in immigrant scientists and engineers increased patenting per capita by about 13%.† (Hunt and Gauthier-Loiselle, 2009:20). Hence they discover that one way ski lled immigrants could boost patenting per capita is by engaging in science and engineering as the knowledge and skills these occupations request are more easily transferable across countries. Skilled immigrants could also enrich patenting per capita, if an immigration policy regarding immigrants’ selection according to their abilities and knowledge levels was introduced. This would attract more science and engineering orientated migrants and would encourage less skilled migrants to acquire higher education and engage themselves more into the innovation process. (Hunt and Gauthier-Loiselle, 2009: 2). Nevertheless, due to migration and globalisation, diversity has become an increasingly outstanding feature of today’s world. This brings into discussion the fifth mechanism through which immigration can boost the innovation system, the migrant diversity effect, as an important link to innovation. A say on this matter had the European Commission (2008: 8), in their work regarding the diversity journey in search for talent, competitiveness and innovation: â€Å"as innovation processes depend on harnessing creativity, and while dynamic as well as supportive systems of management can elicit the best from staff, like-minded people will usually produce like-minded results. Diversity in the workforce can, however, help companies to break this mould and the cycle of limited unilateral thinking and, in so doing, set them free to discover new products, markets, and ways of doing or leading business†. Empirical evidence that confirms the positive linkage between cultural diversity and innovation is provided by Niebuhr (2006). She investigates the impact of a cultural diverse labour force in German regions on innovation, using a sample of 200 different nationalities. The results show cultural diversity to be beneficial to innovation: â€Å"Due to their different cultural backgrounds, it is likely that migrants and native workers have fairly diverse abilities and knowledge. Thus, there might be skill complementarities between foreign workers and native in addition to those among workers of different qualification levels.† (Niebuhr, 2006: 564). But are cultural diversity and immigration always beneficial to innovation? According to Bratti and Conti (2012: 4), cultural diversity might also cause difficulties in communication, especially when natives and immigrants do not speak the same language. This might reduce social capital and therefore act as an impediment to innovation and economic performance. In addition, Ozgen (2013: 92) finds as outcomes of cultural diversity, lower levels of trust and higher discrimination within firms, â€Å"non-transferability of skills† or â€Å"non-recognition of qualifications† which play as impediments in ideas exchange or the formation of new knowledge. Similarly, â€Å"co-ethnic networks can lead to spatial or occupational segregation and clustering of migrant groups, which may also impede the contribution of immigrants to firm innovation†. Moreover, a few other situations which lie on the negative side of immigration could be observed. That would be the case of areas experiencing higher inflows of low-skilled or low educated migrants: â€Å"unskilled immigration can have a negative effect by reducing social capital, creating communication problems among workers or pushing firms to lower their efforts to introduce product and process innovations†. (Bratti and Conti, 2012:16). In order to uphold this statement, Bratti and Conti (2012: 22) evaluate the effect of low-skilled immigrants in Italian provinces on patent applications, as a proxy for innovativeness. Thus, they find evidence that there is a significant negative effect not only of low-skilled migrants, but also an overall negative effect of large inflows of immigrants on innovation: â€Å"rising immigrants’ share by 1 p.p. produces a 0.064 percent reduction in patents’ applications per 1,000 inhabitants.† This negative effect is proved to be mostly driven by the characteristics of immigrants who â€Å"mainly appear as a source of low-skilled and cheap labour force, which is employed in traditional economic sectors† (Bratti and Conti, 2012:11). Although it focuses especially on Italy, Bratti and Conti’s study is not necessarily a particular case, as their findings are also consistent with the Lewis’ work (2011: 1031) who has proved that areas rich in low-skilled immigrants areas adopted less machinery, giving technological change a slower evolution and: â€Å"plants added technology more slowly between 1988 and 1993 where immigration induced the ratio of high school dropouts to graduates to grow more quickly†. Hence, the substantial immigration boom from the end of the last century had a negative impact of knowledge formation and actively led to a slow growth in the supply of skills in the United States: â€Å"only after the large wave of immigration in the 1980s did high-immigration ci ties become more unskilled than low immigration cities.† (Lewis, 2011: 1031). On the other hand, there are also claims that even low-skill immigrants can indirectly enhance productivity gains and innovation: â€Å"Even low-skill immigrants who start small businesses that stay small are important to the American economy. They provide low cost services and access to more goods. There are also second-order effects, for example someone who provides child or elder care cheaply provide an invaluable service. This allows natives to works outside of their home† (The Economist, 2010). Similarly, Peri (2009: 17) has found a positive linkage between productivity gains and immigration in the United States in the years between 1960 and 2006, although the most majority of the immigrants in his sample were low-skilled and engaged in menial work. He proves that the inflow of unskilled migrants resulted in a more efficient allocation of skills and education to jobs amongst natives, thereby leading to an increase in the total factor productivity. Additionally, the negati ve effects of cultural diversity and unskilled immigrants could be overcome by properly exploiting the competencies of skilled immigrants as well as by attracting more highly educated immigrants. This could be achieved by introducing favourable immigration policies for high-skilled immigrants, in order to foster innovation and economic growth. Furthermore, free language courses and job-related training programs could be provided for immigrants in order to reduce language barriers and allow them to develop or upgrade their skills. To conclude, on theoretical grounds, there are several ways in which immigration and cultural diversity can affect both positively and negatively the innovation system. Given such a mixture of positive and negative effects, the overall impact of immigration on innovation should be considered in terms of empirical evidences. In this sense, this essay has presented a number of different studies and approaches from European countries, but also from the United States. What is more, five mechanisms through which immigration can boost innovation have been analysed. As opposed to this, several negative effects of cultural diversity and immigration with regards to the innovation process have been considered along with several ways these drawbacks could be overcome. Thus, all things considered, it could be consented that migration and cultural diversity represent an opportunity as much as a challenge, but if managed carefully it would lead to positive outcomes such as innovation, technologica l change, increasing productivity gains and ultimately to economic growth. References Bosetti V., Cattaneo C. and Verdolini E. (2012) â€Å"Migration, Cultural Diversity and Innovation: A European Perspective†, FEEM Working Paper No. 69.2012. Online at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2162836 (Accessed 14 January 2014) Bratti M. and Conti C. (2012) â€Å"Immigration, Population Diversity and Innovation of Italian regions† Online at: www.ecostat.unical.it/rd2013/Papers/Bratti_Conti.pdf‎ (Accessed 12 January 2014) European Commission (2008) â€Å"Continuing The Diversity Journey: Business Practices, Perspectives And Benefits† European Union Publications Office, Luxembourg. Gordon I.R. and McCann P. (2005) â€Å"Clusters, Innovation and Regional Development: An Analysis of Current Theories and Evidence†, in Johansson B., Karlsson C. and Stough R., (eds.), â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Spatial Industrial Clusters and Inter-Firm Network†s , Edward Elgar, Cheltenham Hunt, J. and M. Gauthier-Loiselle (2008) â€Å"How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?† NBER Working Paper14312, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge Mass. Online at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp3921.pdf (Accessed 12 January 2014) Kerr W.R.andLincoln W. F. (2008)â€Å"TheSupplySideofInnovation:Hà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1BVisaReformsandU.S.EthnicInvention†JournalofLaborEconomics. Online at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15768 (Accessed 13th January 2014) Lewis, E. (2011) â€Å"Immigration, skill mix, and capital skill complementarity†. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126, 1029–1069. Online at: http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v126y2011i2p1029-1069.html (Accessed 9 January 2014) Niebuhr A. (2006): â€Å"Migration and innovation: Does cultural diversity matter for regional RD activity?† IAB discussion paper, No. 2006,14. Online at: http://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/31908 (Accessed 11 January 2014) Ozgen C. (2013) â€Å"Impacts of immigration and cultural diversity on innovation and economic growth† Online at: http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/47948/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed 13 January 2014) Ozgen, C., Nijkamp, P., Poot, J. (2011) Immigration and Innovation in European Regions IZA Discussion Papers 5676, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Online at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp5676.pdf (Accessed 12 January 2014) Peri, G. (2009) â€Å"The Effect of Immigration on Productivity: Evidence from US States† NBER working paper September 2009. Online at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15507 Accessed 14 January 2014 The Economist (17 September 2010) â€Å"Importing job growth† Online at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2010/09/economic_growth (Accessed 10 January 2014) The Economist (19 November 2011) â€Å"The magic of diasporas†. Online at: http://www.economist.com/node/21538742 (Accessed 10 January 2014) The Economist (5 March 2009) â€Å"Give me your scientists†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Online at : http://www.economist.com/node/13234953 (Accessed10 January 2014) Venturini A. (2012) â€Å"Innovation and Migration† co-authored with F. Montobbio, C. Fassio, MPC Analytical Note, 2012/05. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2012. Pluripotent Stem Cells: Benefits, Properties and Uses Pluripotent Stem Cells: Benefits, Properties and Uses INTRODUCTION Pluripotent stem cells give rise to nearly all cells types of the body, like, muscle, nerve, heart, and blood. They hold huge promise for both research health care. The advance in human biology continues to generate interest among scientists, patients suffering from a wide range of diseases, including cancer, heart disease and diabetes, their families. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, is derived from inner cell mass of mammalian blastocysts they have the ability to grow for an indefinite period while maintaining pluripotency. These properties have led to hope that human Embryonic Stem cells might be useful to understand the disease mechanisms, to monitor effective and safe drugs, to treat patients of various diseases and injuries, such as juvenile diabetes and spinal cord injury. Cell culture is the one of the most important basic biomedical research. From many decades, many innumerable insights into both normal pathologic cellular processes have been gleaned by the study of human cells explanted in vitro. Primary human cells have a small life span in culture, there is a regulation of tissue formation, regeneration, and repair. Many human cell types have never closely been adapted for the expansion in vitro, and the lack of available models of normal pathologic tissue structure has render many new important questions in human growth and disease pathogenesis and it is hard to find. At present three types of methods have been reported to induce pluripotency artificially in mouse somatic cells. Embryonic stem like cells can also be recognized by long-term culture of bone marrow cells, and pluripotent stem cells can be generate adult germ cells, either by vitro culture of spermatogonial cells or by the parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs. The capability to reprogram cells from the human blood will let the generation of patient-spec ific stem cells for the diseases. In this disease-causing somatic mutations are then restricted to the cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Depending on methods used, reprogramming of the adult cells to gain iPSCs may pose significant risk those could limit their use in humans. Many scientists around the world, announced the discovery of the method that could eliminate oncogenes after the induction of pluripotency, which will increase the potential use of iPSC in human disease. In April 2009, it was verified that generation of iPS cells is feasible without any genetic modification of the adult cell: a repetitive treatment of cells by means of certain proteins channelled into the cells viapoly-arginine anchorswas sufficient to induce pluripotency. Pluripotent stem cells are a unique scientific and medical source.The pluripotent stem cells are derived using non-Federal funds 8yat the beginning, embryos donated voluntarily by couples who are undergo fertility treatment in an vitro ferti lization clinic. Human embryonic stem cells isolated from more surplus embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics represent an immortal circulation of pluripotent cells that can theoretically generate any cell type inside the human body. PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS are generated from adults cells where induced pluripotent stem cells is the part of pluripotent stem cells and it is also called as iPS cells or iPSC’s. Pluripotent stem cells give rise to nearly all of the cells types of body, like muscle, nerve, heart, and blood. Pluripotent stem cells are called master cells because they are able to make cells from all three body layers, so they can produce any cells or body needs to repair itself, it is called pluripotency. Pluripotent stem have promising future in the area of regenerative medicine because it it is different in effect on the cells of the body which are neurons, heart, pancreatic liver cells. It can help in the representation of single cell which can remain to lost the damage or diseased cells. IPSC they are similar to natural pluripotent stem cells, like embryonic stem cells in many ways, like the appearance of certain stem cell genes proteins,  chromatin methylation  patterns, doubling time,  embryoid body  formation,  teratoma  formation, viable  chimera  formation, and potency and differentiability. Pluripotent stem cells EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Embryonic stem cells is the most important type of pluripotent cells. Embryonic stem cells(ES cells) arepluripotentstem cellsthat are derived from theinner cell massof ablastocyst an early-stage preimplantation  embryo. Humanembryos reach the  blastocyst  stage 4–5 days postfertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. From adult tissue iPSC has been derived. They cannot by pass the need of embryos but they can be matched in the patients which mean that pluripotent stem cells line will be present in the each individual. Without any risk of immune rejection autologous cells can be used for recognising the basic behaviour of disease present in the patients therapeutic transplants are not safe in iPSC technology. ESC that are appeared which have large domains of the genome that have a specific histone code, that are not found in more mature cells, which allows very fast inactivation or activation of gene expression. Embryonic stem cells arepluripotent th at are able todifferentiatein all derivatives of the three germ layers:ectoderm, endoderm, andmesoderm. It includes more than 220 cell types in the adult  body. Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from  adult stem cells  found in  adults; while embryonic stem cells can produce all cell types in body, adult stem cells they are multipotent  and they can create only limited number of cell type. Human embryonic stem cell structure SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER The somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) means, transferring the nucleus from a somatic cell, any cell of the body, to an other cell, in this case it’s an egg cell. This kind of pluripotent stem cell called ntES cell, which has only been made successfully in the inferior animals. To make ntES cells in the human patients, an egg donor, would be needed. The process of transferring a differentnucleusinto the egg â€Å"reprograms† it to a pluripotent condition, reactivating full set of genes for creating all the tissues of the body. PRODUCTION OF INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS iPSCs are introduced in a set of pluripotency associated genes or reprogramming factors in to a given cell kind. The original set of reprogramming factor are genes Oct4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4. It is a slow and unsufficient process which takes 1-2 weeks in mouse cells 3-4 weeks in human. It has efficiency of 0.01%- 0.1%. For improving the efficiency and time taken to get ipsc considerable changes have been done. In reprogramming factor, cell start to make colonies that look like pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotency is maintained by a combination of epigenetic, transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. PRODUCTION OF Ipsc CELLS GENERATION OF INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM cells. They divide culture donor cells. Transfect the stem cell-associated genes into cells by viral vectors. Harvest and culture the cells according to the Embryoic Stem cell culture by the use of mitotically in feeder cells. A small set of transfected cells become iPS cells generate ES-like colonies Generation of IPS cells Types of Pluripotent Stem Cells There are several types of pluripotent stem cells are Embryonic stem cells which are joined from the inner cell mass of blastocyst the embryos are produced from in vitro fertilisation, although this is important cause it eliminates the embryo, which could have been implanted for the formation of a baby. Embryonic germ cells which are obtained from the aborted foetuses and these pluripotent cells are copied from past cells. These past cells are those which can form sperm eggs. Embryonic carcinoma or the cancer cells which are cosset from tumour that sometimes are prevalent in a a foetus. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOTIPOTENT,   PLURIPOTENT, AND MULTIPOTENT Totipotent cells can form all the kind of cell in a body, in addition the extraembryonic, or the placental cells. Embryonic cells, the 1st couple of cell divisions following fertilization are the only cells that are totipotent cells. Pluripotent cells can also give rise to all of the type of cells that make up the body. Embryonic stem cells are called pluripotent. Multipotent cells can expand into more than 1 cell type, but they are more limited than the pluripotent cells, adult stem cells cord blood stem cells are often considered as multipotent. BENEFITS OF PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS Pluripotent stem cells give a renewable basis of healthy cells tissues to treat many type of diseases similar to heart disease and diabetes. People who are burn those patients who suffer from autoimmune diseases like Parkinsons can give advantage from the usage of pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells have large potential for treatment of diseases, because they give rise to majority of cell types in human body,which include muscle, blood, heart nerve cells. The use for pluripotent stem cells include the generation of cells tissues that are use in transplantation. Drug study research next method that pluripotent stem cells are beneficial. Animals are mostly used to measure the safety and use of drugs. Those drugs which are secure and used in development for testing on animals. TURNING PLURIPOTENT CELL INTO TREATMENT Over time, many techniques are developed, pluripotent stem cells could any one of the day allow doctors to create form, rejection-proof transplant to patch a scarred heart, revitalize damaged nerves or reboot an immune system which is not able of fighting infection. Doctors have first obtained  pluripotent  stem cells that match the patient genetically through genetic  reprogramming,  nuclear transfer, or parthenogenesis. There are four critical steps: To grow  pluripotent  stem cells that create a large quantity of healthy cells. Restore faulty genes,this would be needed if the cells are carrying a genetic disorder, such as sickle cell anemia which turn the stem cells into a specific cell kind or a tissue.A genetically healthy line of  pluripotent  cells is recognized, they must be creating specialized kinds of cells and this process is called as differentiation. To transplant cells or tissue to the diseased or damaged organ or tissue,the cells will require to reach right part of the body, take hold and start to function. Scientists know how to deliver blood to the stem cells, but they still need to develop some effective delivery method for other cell types. Getting the pluripotent stem cell The cells can be made in one of several ways: Nuclear transfer— By using a patient’s skin cell and then transferring it into an egg (possibly the patient’s own, or of an egg donor). Genetic  reprogramming— By transforming a skin cell or blood cell or other cell from the patient to a  pluripotent  stem cell. Parthenogenesis— This is done by using unfertilized eggs. A woman may be able to give her own eggs to make stem cells that match her genetically, or draw on master banks of stem cells which are made from eggs. WHY ARE PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS IMPORTANT? Pluripotent stem cells can be used to produce any cell or tissue the body might need to challenge a wide range of diseases, from diabetes to spinal cord injury, to childhood leukemia,or to heart disease. Pluripotent  stem cells can potentially be modified to provide a perfect genetic match for any patient. It means that the patient could get transplants of tissue and cells without matching tissue and tissue rejection problems. There is also no need to take powerful immune-suppressing drugs for the rest of their lives. Although there is time in achieving this, researchers have treated mouse models of human disease by using this strategy and hope that same can be done with human patients. Disease in a dish: Pluripotent stem cells create excellent laboratory models for studying how a disease unfolds, which further helps scientists to locate and track, very earliest disease-causing actions in cells. Immune deficiencies like type1 diabetes, muscular dystrophy, and myriad other disorders which are embedded in fetal development. In the lab, researchers monitor from where the first muscle cell comes from, or the first blood cell, and how this is different when the patient has a genetic disease. By the use of this information, doctors are able to correct the genetic defect before the disease advances. Applications: Pluripotent  stem cell has different characteristics that make it useful in different ways : Induced pluripotent cells(iPS cells) offer a unique chance to model many human disease and are already being used to make a lot of new discoveries about premature aging, disease,cancer, and more. They are made from a person’s own cells, they can be potentially manipulated to fix the defects that are causing disease and then used to create healthy cells for transplant that won’t be rejected by the immune system. Embryonic stem cells(ES cells) are standard for the biological theory of pluripotency. Scientists are continuosly working with Embryonic Stem cells to study more about a cell with pluripotency and discover safe better ways to create iPS cells. Each type of ES cell is important for different reasons: ES cells made from donating early embryos are unique tools for the understanding of earliest stages of human development specific tissues form, because they’re not modified to individual patients, their value is mainly in research. MEDICAL RESEARCH Disease modeling and drug development An attractive feature of the human iPS cells is their ability to derive them from adult patients for the study of cellular basis of human diseases. Since iPS cells have property of self-renewing and are pluripotent, they stand for a theoretically unlimited source of patient-derived cells which further can be turned into any kind of cell in the body. This is important because many other types of human cells which are derived from patients tend to stop rising after a few passages in laboratory culture. iPS have been generated for a broad variety of human genetic diseases, including common disorders such as Down syndrome and polycystic kidney disease. Organ synthesis A proof-of-concept by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to make human organ for the transplantation  was reported by researchers of Japan. Human ‘liver  buds’ (iPSC-LBs) were grown from a mixture of three different types of stem cells: Hepatocytes  (for liver function) coaxed from iPSCs Endothelial stem cells  (to form lining of  blood vessels) from  umbilical cord blood Mesenchymal stem cells  (to form  connective tissue). This new approach allows different cell types to self-organize into complex organ, mimicking the process in  fetal development. After growing in vitro for few days, the liver buds were transplanted into mice where the ‘liver’ quickly connected with host blood vessels and then continued to grow. Tissue repair Embryonic cord-blood cells were induced to pluripotent stem cells by the use of plasmid DNA. Using cell surface endothelial/pericytic markers  CD31  and  CD146, researchers have identified vascular progenitor, which is high-quality, multipotent vascular stem cells. After the iPS cells were directly injected into the  vitreous  of damaged  retina  of mice, the stem cells then engrafted into retina, grow repaired the  vascular vessels. Red blood cells In 2014,  type O  red blood cells  were synthesized at Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service from iPSC. The cells were induced to become a  mesoderm   then  blood cells   then red blood cells. The final step was making them eject their nuclei mature properly. Type O rbc’s can be transfused into all patients. Each pint of the blood contain about 2 trillion red blood cells, although some 107 million blood donations are collected globally each year. Human transfusions were not expected to begin until 2016.

An Autobiography: Lee Iacocca Essay -- Book Reviews

1. Title: Iacocca, An Autobiography. 2. Author: Lee Iacocca with William Novak. 3. This book is an Autobiography. 4. Publisher: Bantam Books  ® 5. Copyright  © July 1986 6. Pages: 357 7. Historical Background: His name when he was born was Lido, not really Lee. He changed it when he had to go down South for a sales campaign. He thought that the Southerners would like it better if his name was Lee. It worked fairly well too. Anyway, his father was the first person to arrive in America. He arrived in 1902, at the age of 12. His father went back to his birthplace, Italy, and married Antoinette. They came back across the Atlantic. Except this time, his father, Nicola, was an American citizen. They moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania, also where Lee was born and raised. Lee (Lido, I’ll use Lee from now on though.) was born on October 15, 1924. Lee’s father was a sort of philosophical type of person. He always had an important lesson to tell his son. It usually was great advice that just about anyone and everyone could use. His father once said that ‘When times are tough, be in the food business. No matter how tough times get, people still have to eat.à ¢â‚¬â„¢ He was right. He had a hot dog food stand that stayed afloat during all of the depression. Lee was in the Allentown public schools, as a kid. He was an Italian kid in a place full of ‘Pennsylvania Dutch.’ So he was harassed by a lot of kids. He never let it get him down though. His father was always pushing him to be the best. His father was a hard worker and came from a foreign family. Back then, most parents that came from a foreign country always seemed to push their kids to do their best so they can have a better life style than their parents. Lee ended up going to Lehigh for college. He did very well for himself. Before he went to college though, he enlisted in the army. It was around World War II when he did so, of course. But because he had Rheumatic fever when he was a kid , he couldn’t go and fight. The doctors said it was gone. The army said it could come back though. So they rejected his application. He went to Lehigh instead. Ford always took the top student out of the top fifty colleges back then, for a study at Ford. They would get to work at Ford doing just about everything you could do. Lee was one of them invited. He enrolled at Princeton after that. He graduated with a degree in engi... ...no matter what. He thought that spending time with family was far more important than anything else. It’s a good thing to have values like that. He’s an honest hard working man that deserved all the good things he got. He didn’t fold when it looked hopeless at Chrysler, he did everything he could to keep the company alive, and now it’s having more success than it ever has in it’s history of existence. This is a very good book, and I recommend that everyone read this one. It’s got a lot of interesting stuff and advice in it. It also gives great insight into the auto manufacturing business. There are a lot of stereotype’s out there that say a car company tried to kill them. But really, all of the guys that make the cars are driving them themselves. They don’t purposely make bad cars, they drive them and so do their kids, and I don’t think all of them are suicidal maniacs either. I think most of them are sane people. I s ay one thing we need less of in America is blood sucking lawyers. They’re just greedy people that we could do without some of them. I learned that in order to succeed, you must not give up easily. You can’t give up on your dreams until you have put your all into it.